A sustainable economic future for developing countries

A sustainable economic future for developing countries Poverty has a high negative impact on the environment. In developing countries, while the poor to relative unproductive areas while the rich live in the most productive areas. To sustain their livelihoods in such unproductive areas, there will be little consideration for the environment leading activities like cutting of trees or planting on riverbanks.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on A sustainable economic future for developing countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will lead to industrialization that will create an emerging middle class; a demand by the middle class for local agricultural and manufactured products will create an internal cycle of growth, eventually moving the country from a developing country. Economic growth, which favors the rich, will not reduce poverty in a developing country. A focus by the government on equitable growth through income redistribution will improve the quality of l ife of the poor through serving their essential needs of housing, healthcare, education or even food security. Further, economic development should not lead to vulnerability to crises. This includes natural crises like hunger, floods and drought as well as market crises such as fall in prices. To ensure this, developing countries should have long is storing food after harvests in silos to store food, which help avert hunger. (Our common future 1986) Use of appropriate technology such as use of energy efficient modes of industrial production will reduce energy use in production thus cut back on energy use, which is a significant factor of environmental degradation through pollution. Use of proper technology practices in farming in developing countries can reduce the poverty levels. Modern farming technology will increase productivity of agriculture thus increase returns. Secondly, it will use of appropriate technology in storage and production can reduce waste especially in agricultu ral activities thus increase food security. Reduction of pollution by industries specifically air, land and water pollution through recycling of effluents to environmentally manageable levels are a step in the right direction. Use of sources of energy such as wind power or geothermal power that have a less environmental impact will improve environmental conservation efforts.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, sustainable mining especially of non-renewable sources while taking environmental impact assessment will reduce their footprint on the environment. (Bauman, H. Tillman, A., 2004) A successful agricultural policy is a combination of economic self-interest and environmental conservation. The introduction of commercial tree planting on hill slopes and dry areas can improve the water retention of the soil and reduce soil erosion. Further, focus on long -term agricultural development instead of short term growth will, for example, embracing organic farming will attract higher sales income and maintain long term agricultural productivity. (Our common future 1986) An economy’s productivity is in the form of gross domestic capita (GDP). In developing countries, the economy is not be able to sustain the basic needs of the population. This will push the population to environmentally degradation with no conscience since they have no other options of sustenance. The millennium development goals (MDGs) include apart from the basic needs items such as universal healthcare and universal education, which classify the level of development of a nation. In addition to this, a population growth that exceeds the economic growth will further reduce the resources available. It is in this light; that it is necessary for governments to have policies to manage population growth, which includes policies that promote family planning or education o n family health. (Curran, M., 1996) Reference Bauman, H., Tillman, A., (2004) The Hitch Hikers Guide To LCA: An Orientation in Life Cycle Assessment Methodology and Application Professional Publishing Svc.,Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on A sustainable economic future for developing countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Curran, M., (1996) Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment McGraw-Hill World commission of environment and development (1986) Our common future www.un-documents.net/our-common-future

Animal Farm Essay 11 Essays

Animal Farm Essay 11 Essays Animal Farm Essay 11 Essay Animal Farm Essay 11 Essay Essay Topic: Animal Farm Arguable Task Four: Written production essay Tina Youssef Book authors don’t just write texts for the benefit and pleasure to those who read it. However, they write texts to convey a particular message towards their intended audience. Through the use of certain themes which they construct, authors of texts are able to effectively develop these themes using the techniques of propaganda and the satirical and allegorical representations of certain characters. In the self-proclaimed novel, ‘Animal Farm’, the author George Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolise the communist system. Animal farm was published at the beginning of World War II, in England in 1945 and in the United States in 1946. George Orwell wrote the book during the war as a cautionary fable in order to expose the seriousness of the dangers posed by the totalitarian government. The novel ‘Animal Farm’ centres on a group of animals, who decide to fulfil Old Major’s dream of a rebellion and drive out Mr Jones, in an attempt to run the farm themselves with the pigs in control. Orwell personifies the animals in the tradition of the allegory so that they symbolise real historical figures. One of Orwell’s main messages is about how the ability to change and twist language can contribute to the abuse of power. Orwell effectively constructs this theme through the allegorical characterisations of the pigs, propaganda techniques and satire. In Animal Farm, the pigs gradually twist and distort their way into the minds of the other animals to justify their behaviours through the use of persuasive speeches which in turn are unanswerable and unarguable leaving them in the dark. Squealer, a strong-minded pig is well-known among the other animals. As one of the main allegorical characters in the novel, Orwell uses Squealer to criticize the dictators of the communist system. Like Stalin, he is able to persuade people to believe him willingly. Squealer is known to ‘turn black into white’, especially in his lively speeches where he is known to incorporate bad situations into good situations. The animals of the farm lovingly embrace Old Major’s dream to start a rebellion after Major dies. However, soon after his death, the pigs gradually twist his words of wisdom into words of the abuse of power. As a result, the animals are unable to oppose the strong words of the pigs; however they do not oppose the ideas of the rebellion. Squealers speech on milk and apples in particular is a great example of how the abuse of language contributes to the abuse of power. Squealer argues that the milk and apples must be taken to preserve their health, containing substances which are absolutely necessary for the well-being of a pig. The following major techniques of propaganda are successfully used in Squealers speech on milk and apples to persuade the animals to believe him including inclusive language, lying and identifying the enemy. Squealer uses the technique inclusive language in the quote ‘it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples’ (pg. 25). Here Squealer creates a sense of unity amongst the animals in the farm effectively explaining to them that most of the things they do is for their sake. Therefore, the animals are naive as they believe Squealer and the rest of the pigs health is dependent on them and so therefore they are willing to allow the pigs to preserve the milk and apples for themselves. The technique lying is used in the quote ‘you do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? (pg. 25). Here squealer insists that they are not preserving the milk and apples for themselves for the sake of selfishness and privilege when in actual fact, they are preserving the milk and apples for the sake of greed and to reduce the risk of starvation. The animals however, are too dumbfounded to easily notice this because of the w ay in which squealers ability to change and twist language controls them. Squealer further controls the animals by identifying their enemy ‘Jones’ in the quote ‘do you know what would happen if we pigs failed our duty? Jones would come back! (pg. 25). Here Squealer clearly identifies the enemy ‘Jones’ which the animals utterly dislike and will obey any orders from the pig’s so long as he does not return. Squealer again effectively dumbfounds the animals into thinking that if the milk and apples aren’t given to the pigs, then Jones will be back for sure. Orwell also develops the theme that the abuse of language can contribute to the abuse of power in another of Squealers speeches on Napoleons honourable leadership. Squealer argues that the animals should willingly accept the leadership qualities Napoleon controls them with and that they should be disciplined so that the wrong decisions aren’t made. The following major techniques of propaganda are successfully used in Squealers speech on the qualities of maintaining leadership to persuade the animals to believe him including inclusive language, scape goating and persuasive language. Squealer uses inclusive language in the quote ‘comrades, he said, one false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely comrades, you do not want Jones back? ’ (pg. 40) In Squealers dominating speech, he again creates a sense of unity with the animals on the farm and allows them to be positive and look forward and not feel powerless against Napoleon or Jones for that matter. The technique scape goating is used in the quote ‘snowball, who as we know, was no better than a criminal’ (pg. 41) Squealer has no proof that Snowball is a criminal and therefore blames all the problems and conflicts on Snowball, distracting the animals from much of the important issues at hand. Even when the farm animals point out that Snowball fought bravely in the ‘Battle of the Cowshed’, Squealers reply is too overpowering for the animals to say anything. This contributes to the way in which Squealer effectively changes and twists language to put himself in power. By using persuasive language in his speech ‘bravery is not enough, loyalty and disobedience are more important’ (pg. 41), Squealer is able to effectively persuade the animals to do what is right by napoleon and to take a certain position on the issue that loyalty and obedience are important when it comes to discipline. Orwell effectively develops the message that the abuse of language can contribute to the abuse of power through the use of allegorical character representations of Squealer as Stalin, who are both persuasive and strong-minded speakers and satirical representations to help explain that there are people in society who expose this abuse of language and manipulate others as an instrument of control to keep themselves in power. He makes us realise that we must take into account the sort of language that people twist to abuse power through their use of persuasive language, which in turn makes them more powerful. Therefore we should open up when we have a decent point to make which we know will change their way of speaking. From the very beginning of the novel, we become aware of educations role in stratifying animal farms population. This is another one of Orwell’s messages about how the ability of being intelligent and educated can later be used as tools of oppression. Orwell achieves this proposition through the characterisation of the pigs, propaganda techniques and the allegorical and satirical representations of characters, to symbolise the communist system and to allow us to realise that indeed communism is not equality. Following Major’s death, the pigs are the ones who take on the task of organising and mobilizing the others animals into doing what they want them to do because they are ‘generally realised as being the cleverest of the animals’ (pg. 35). At first the pigs are loyal to their fellow animals and to the rebellion cause. Faithfully, they translate Major’s vision into the ‘Seven Commandments of Animalism’. However, it is not long before the pig’s intelligence and education turn from tools of enlightenment to implements of oppression. Squealer represents the totalitarian government, a propaganda machine. Like Stalin, Squealer is a persuasive speaker and is able to manipulate the animals under his authority to do what he wants them to do, as a result, contributing to their own oppression. As persuasive and outspoken as he is, Squealer can make the animals believe almost anything in his way of ‘skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive’ (pg. 11). This fact is especially clear in Squealers interactions with Clover and Muriel. Each time Clover suspects that the Seven Commandments have been changed; Squealer manages to convince her that she is wrong. Clover hears that the pigs not only take meals in the kitchen and use the drawing room as a recreation room, but sleep in the beds of the farm house. Thinking there is a definite rule against beds, she willingly asks Muriel to read her the fourth commandment which is changed from ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’ to ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets’. Soon enough Squealer explains to the animals that the pigs are officially allowed to sleep in the farmhouse beds. The following major techniques of propaganda are used in Squealers speech including inclusive language, identifying the enemy and lying. At the start of Squealers speech, he creates a sense of unity amongst the farm animals in the quote; ‘I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you comrades? ’ (pg. 50). Squealer distorts his way through the minds of the animals and makes them think that they are too grateful and would not go against the pigs sleeping in the beds of the farm house, seeing as it is worth the brainwork they incorporate into the lives of the animals. Just like in all of Squealers speeches, he identifies the enemy in the quote ‘surely none of you wishes to see Jones back? (pg. 50). Squealer knows how much the animals dislike Jones and will do anything for him not to come back. Hence, the reason Squealer incorporates the use of Jones to brainwash the animals minds into thinking that if the pigs don’t sleep on the farm house beds then Jones will be back for sure. Towards the end of the novel, the animals are completely brainwashed to question the authority of the pigs and so Squealer is able to trick the animals into thinking the fourth commandment hasn’t been changed when in actual fact it has. The technique lying is used in the quote ‘the rule was against sheets, which are a human invention’ (pg. 50). Squealer insists the fourth commandment is that ‘no animal shall sleep on beds with sheets’ which dumfounds the animals and makes them realise that they haven’t learnt the commandments right when in actual fact the commandment is changed without them knowing. Another example of the contribution of the manipulation of language in the novel is the maxim that replaces the seven commandments; ‘all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. pg. 97) The idea of ‘more equal’ is a senseless manipulation of language, but by this time, the animals are too brainwashed to notice. The idea that some animals are more equal than others is developed in the text; ‘it did not seem strange when napoleon was seen strolling in the farm house garden with a pipe in his mouth – no, not even when the pigs took Mr jon es clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches and leather leggings†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(pg. 98) Orwell effectively develops the message that those who are unable, or unwilling, to question authority, contribute to their own oppression through the use of the allegorical character representation of Squealer who like Stalin is a powerful and manipulative speaker, propaganda techniques and satire. Orwell makes us realise that both intelligence and education are extremely powerful tools of oppression and whilst also being an important part of life, they can contribute to the oppression of others’ lives. Through the use of these techniques, Orwell explains that there are some people in society, who expose their intelligence and education to their fullest extent to oppress others who they know, are not able to question authority unwillingly. Therefore we should willingly question authority no matter how intelligent or well-educated we are, if we know that the point we are trying to make is valid, to avoid oppression. Authors of texts construct themes and develop them to portray a message to their intended audience using the techniques of propaganda and the satirical and allegorical representations of certain characters. In the novel Animal Farm, Orwell rewrites history in the representation of certain animals as historical figures from history, warning us about the ways in which power can be abused by individuals. Therefore we are encouraged to take a stance on the message that George Orwell provides us with and reflect on it in our everyday lives.

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball Essay

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball game - Essay Example Because of the existence of multiple number of minor league baseball games in the same country, the marketers for these baseball leagues often try to implement a series of promotion tactics so as to lure the fans of the baseball games. Some of the promotional tactics that are used by the marketers for increasing the popularity of the baseball games comprises of night time fireworks, concessions on fooding items. Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops.... Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops. Since the expected fans of the baseball games will be mostly young parents and kids who will fall in the category of Gen X and Gen Y category, hence to develop a connect with them, the online medium will be used. Promotion of the event will be carried out in the online networking sites by creating a Facebook Page and thereby providing updates about the latest happening for the minor baseball league games. Also, the Facebook Page can be used to conduct online contests targeted towards the young audience and thereby distributing rewards and freebies to the contest winners. This will help in boosting the interest and attendance rate for the games. Also, the traditional advertising medium can be used as a support process for increasing the awareness and interest for the baseball games of the minor league. For doing promotions using the traditional medium, the marketer can

Society and Culture in Contemporary China Essay

Society and Culture in Contemporary China - Essay Example At that time, Tibet was an independent country with its own military and spiritual leaders. However, 20th Century, China overthrew Tibet and this was where the violence began. In the year 1959, the Chinese government discharged Tibet's spiritual leader known as the Dalai Lama from the country as he is now exiled in India. (Japan Times, 2008) In the month of March, there were violent protests in the Tibet's Lhasa region. This meant that the entire world focused on China and Tibet in that Month. It is very interesting to note that the Chinese government decided to deal with other news occurring throughout the world and only left a small portion of the china daily for their report on the Tibet protests. (China Daily, 2008) The Chinese government asserted that there was a third force behind the recent incidences in Lhasa. They believe that the third force is the exiled Dalai Lama. They claimed that this spiritual leader organized group that had prepared way before time for the incidences that occurred in March., they also asserted that the manner of execution denoted the fact that there was indeed a mastermind behind the violent protests. Additionally, the report went on to describe the negative effects of the protests; they referred to the nature of destructions such as burning property and buildings, wanton destruction of properties, lootings and beatings.It is also interesting to note that the China Daily tried to bring out the fact that the Tibetans condemned the protests. This report mentions the ethnic groups in Tibet and asserts that they all rally behind the Chinese government's view. Analysis of the report made by the People's Daily called Xinhua indicates the fact that the Chinese government has granted all ethnic groups regional autonomy. In the report, the Director of a Committee called Ethnic Affirms Committee affirms that regional autonomy is one of the backbones of the Chinese political systems. The report brings out the following issues; There are 5 autonomous regions in China 155 autonomous areas 120 autonomous counties 44 autonomous areas deal; with minority tribes There are 55 minority tribes The daily reports that China has granted autonomy for over fifty years. The result of these actions was the rapid increase in social and economic progress in those areas. The report claims that autonomy covers sixty-four percent of the country's vast geography. (Xinhua, 2008) Additionally, the report puts forward the fact that there will be an exhibition for the Tibet people. This exhibition will be held by the Chinese governmement and seeks to bring out some of the latter's opinion about the Tibetan past. It will give material on the history of the Tibetan people from earlier times to present day. Purpose media intended to serve The Chinese government laid out the report in a way that favors them. The violent protests were an indication that the Tibetans were unhappy with Chinese rule. This was an issue that none of them highlighted. Additionally, the government was also quick to point an accusing finger at another party even without adequate evidence. For instance, they claimed that the Dalai Lama was behind the protests yet they had no tangible evidence to

Metamorphosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Metamorphosis - Essay Example Some sort of psychological grounding will have to be found out for such an occurrence. The presence of an insect anywhere within the house, is the most unwelcome feature but Samsa is one (transformed into beetle perhaps with his own volition) and members in the household accept the fact for the reasons best known to them. The readers of the story are expected to go with the fact to enable them appreciate the developments that take place in the family consequent to the isolation of the prime member from the mainstream dispositions and activities of a normal household. Insects live a regulated life within the perimeters bestowed to them by Nature. Before his transformation Gregor lives such a life, comparatively lackluster and remains engrossed in his work. He does his best to provide for the secular necessities of the family. He has no friends circle, no hobbies that make his life passionate, and no close interaction with the family members except with his sister. Why the family does not involve him in day to day small incidents of happiness and sorrow is not explained in the story, but the fact is that he is a marginalized member and this realization intensely bothers him leading to his ‘transformation as the beetle.’ In fact, that is his mental sickness that shapes into a beetle and his cynicism is the cause for that to happen. The family expects of him to provide for them, nothing more, and nothing less. Just as an ant or the worker-bee labors without intermission for providing food for the rest of the members of the nest, Gregor carries on with his life solely for the benefit of others. His life becomes totally regimented devoid of any fun and sacrifice for others become the watchword for him. He just works, that’s all without any essential human dignity or charm. No thanks or words of gratitude for him and the family expect him to do what he does, as if it is his bounden duty. He owns total responsibility on his shoulders, for issues

Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students

Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students 1 The journal article being critiqued is a study of HIV stigma and a study’s intervention at reducing that stigma among nursing students. First, stigma is introduced, the type of stigma’s seen with HIV, and then how those are interpreted in nursing practice. The purpose of the study was to reduce HIV stigma in nursing students through a dynamic course given at a nursing school. The article will be reviewed, analyzed, and critiqued in its significance as a research source and implementation value. A study was carried out by the University of California in India, at a nursing school in a city where HIV prevalence was high. This study consisted of a curriculum, and 91 nursing students. The class was focused on educating and reducing different stigma-influencing measures of HIV. The sample received a pre and posttest that served as the main set of data for how the class influenced the student’s HIV stigma. Statistics was used to evaluate student response data in its measures of standard deviation and confidence intervals. These measures helped the study in deciding whether student answers were significant, or how effective their class was on reducing HIV stigma. An HIV stigma is something that can alters one’s view of a person with HIV that is based on some cultural or social belief. The study believes that stigma can devalue or interfere with care for a person with HIV. This commonly effects people who are drug users, sex workers, or of the male homosexual population. It not only affects a nurse’s care, but also the patient’s motivation to seek care. The study states, â€Å"HIV stigma is considered to be among the greatest impediments to effectively combating the global HIV epi- demic.† There is instrumental and symbolic stigma, which includes misconceptions about transmission and attitudes or beliefs towards the previously stated populations commonly believed to have HIV. The method of this study was at a nursing school in India, St John’s College of Nursing. Second year, English speaking students were the sample group. They were given information about what the study was going to test and signed informed consent to participate. The control group was 46 people, and the intervention group was 45 people. The course was focused on the two types of stigmas previously mentioned and offered on session on instrumental stigma, which included knowledge, fears, epidemiology, transmission, prevention and proper use of PPE. The second session was on symbolic stigma and had a speaker come and talk about their experience with HIV and HIV stigmas. The control received no intervention. A questionnaire was given before and after the interventions that assessed student’s symbolic and instrumental stigmas. They were asked questions like their gender and age, prior care for a person with HIV, their attitudes, misconceptions, fears, discrimination, and so fo rth. The topics of the questionnaires tested demographics, experience with persons with HIV, knowledge of HIV, endorsement of coercive measures, worry about HIV infections, blame, and intent to discriminate. This is included true or false, with different right and wrong misconceptions or truths about HIV. They were tested on whether they agreed with certain statements like mandatory testing, right to refuse an HIV patient, to marry, have children, etc. One question asked if the student blamed people with HIV for their disease or thought they deserved it. There were multiple-choice questions about medication administration and blood draws and precautions to take that tested the student’s intent to discriminate. Each section had a few questions that was intended to test the students aptitude in that subject area. All participants were female and between 18 and 29 years old. Results were found to be significant. Post-intervention found many changes from the baseline that showed a reduction in stigma based on previous definitions. There was a lower percentage of misconceptions in the intervention group compared to the control group. Participants who had preexisting discrimination among people with HIV lowered with a question regarding medication administration, but did not lower with regard to drawing blood. There were a slightly lower number of people who worried about transmission of HIV but were not statistically significant when compared to the control group. On average about 95% of students believed the session was helpful and would change their care towards a person with HIV. About 40% of students were embarrassed to reveal their opinions about it. The questionnaire taken before the intervention showed that the students had a fairly high HIV stigma. Compared the post questionnaire, control group, and preceding results, a conclusion that the course â€Å"showed promise† in lowering stigma of people with HIV was perceived. The questionnaire showed that students had high levels of â€Å"intent to discriminate while performing nursing duties.† In the study it says this may be because of lack of experience. Also students said that people with HIV were blamed for their disease if it was through drugs or sex and believed mandatory testing of sex workers and male homosexuals was called for. One of the biggest findings of this questionnaire was that there was seen to be a lack of knowledge among nursing students in transmission of HIV, blame of persons with HIV, discrimination in a professional workplace, and calling of coercive measures. This shows high stigma levels, which were akin to high discrimination levels of peopl e with HIV. After the course however, it was shown to be effective in giving students more knowledge base for HIV stigma across many dynamics. The post questionnaire showed fewer misconceptions, less blame, and decreased discrimination. Not all data deemed to be statistically significant, but the data that was significant still deemed the course in reducing HIV held promise. It might be more effective with a larger sample that also included male nurses, varying ages, and varying schools. It is significant that this study used a â€Å"convenience sample† of people that were readily available and in a high prevalence HIV area. Taking the study to various states, cities, and people of different cultural and moral values would make this study more significant in it’s actual effectiveness in reducing HIV stigma. Future continuation of this study should look at various population content and high numbers of people, mainly. All measures used to define stigmas, assess stigma levels, and test prejudice was based on a previously developed theoretical model of HIV that had been formulated in India. The definitions and guidelines of the curriculum seemed to be well defined and showed a good possibility of being standardized for larger sample size testing. They were also easy to understand and interpret. The questionnaire was a successful evaluation too l for this study (with 29 questions) and was well defined in the article. It might also benefit this study to try different methods of evaluation other than only using a questionnaire survey technique. It may even be interesting to compare the nursing students results with already registered nurses, experienced nurses, doctors, UAP’s, and patients/civilians. This study is very important to nursing care today. HIV stigma is prevalent and something that is seen daily. Marginalized groups such as homosexual populations, female sex workers, and drug users should not be stigmatized from the moment they enter a hospital or become a patient, that is something they do experience as not only a marginalized group, but also the select few with HIV. Nurses are the basis of these patients’ care and need to be able to give care without bias or discrimination. This requires evaluating ones own beliefs of this stigma. A course that helps nurses through this process while also giving them a dynamic educational and experiential background of stigma’s, transmission, and persons with HIV would be extremely helpful to that patients care. Anything that can help nurses become better, give more effective care, and be more sensitive to others cultures, beliefs and illness is helpful to the medical field, and more importantly, helpful to the patient s healing and disease process. Personally, I believe that people with HIV are stigmatized well beyond due cause. Yes they have an incurable disease, and it can be transmitted through blood, which we deal with a lot as a nurse. But we still need to be professional and give proper care. A person with HIV is something that has been very popular to stigmatize, especially in our social and cultural society in the United States. Even I realized I hold some of these beliefs as I read this study. It is important as a professional, and as a nurse, to make sure we hold everyone to the same standard of care and give continuity in our nursing process. If this course was available to me it is definitely something I would be interested in taking. It can only help me to become a more effective and sensitive nurse to a patient with HIV and it is something that could easily be added into hospital orientation. It would be great to make it available to all staff and be more knowledgeable and less discriminatory against those with HI V and the marginalized population we target when we have an HIV stigma. This study is really just the tip of the iceberg on the subject of reducing HIV stigma, but I feel it’s the step in the right direction and could be vital in finding a way to resolve prejudices against HIV. Citation List 1. Shah, S., Srinivasan, K., Perumpil, S., Ekstrand, M. (2014). Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students: A Brief Intervention. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36(10), 1323-1337. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Sagepub.

Dulce et Decorum Est :: English Literature

Dulce et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen Owen's poem Dulce et Decorum Est is a passionate expression of outrage at the horrors of war and of pity for the young soldiers sacrificed in it. From the title of this poem people back home would have expected an understanding poem, helping to overcome their grief at the loss of a loved one, instead what they got was a poem expressing outrage at the lies surrounding the ‘Great’ War. The quote by Horace translates as ‘It is sweet and right to die for ones’ country’, but the poem is about proving to people at home that this isn’t a sweet and honourable way to die (if there is any). It goes through the worst parts of the war and describes them in detail. The horrors in these descriptions contradict the glorification of the war The poem consists of four stanzas, the first describes the soldiers, the second a gas attack, the third Owen’s nightmares and last an accusation to the people back home. Owen’s poems are suffused with the horror of battle, and yet finely structured and innovative. The first stanza sets the scene as it describes the conditions the men fought in and their feelings. Owen immediately shocks the readers by describing the young soldiers as ‘bent double’ emphasising their exhaustion and the way they slump along, deformed by fatigue, I think this is an effective simile because no one back home will be expecting their proud soldiers described as beggars. The simile ‘coughing like hags’ was used because the men who went into battle were relatively young, yet after battle they looked old and ugly, hence hags. With this one sentence Owen implies health conditions that no one at home would ever dream of. Words like Hags, Cursed and Haunting are used as they all have connotations of evil to emphasise the misery and hardship of the front lines. Owen chooses his word carefully using ones the readers will understand to describe processes they can’t, ‘Drunk with fatigue’ (Line 7), comparing the effects of being drunk to being overly tired, for example the wavering walk, tripping and stumbling. This is effective because everyone reading would know what it’s like to be drunk. The ‘tired, outstripped Five-Nines’ being a type of gun, but also the soldiers being sent from the trenches for some rest and relaxation. He uses words like We, Our to show that he is part of this mayhem. He seems almost detached as if he has seen this so often, that to him it has lost the horror value that we feel. In the second stanza there is a dramatic change in pace to demonstrate

Environmental Ethics Essay

Environmental ethics falls under the discipline of environmental philosophy that studies how human beings relate to their natural environment. This is a wide study that involves a variety of other disciplines such as those that study human relationships, economics, the earth’s structure and biology especially ecology. Human beings being the most superior of all the living things on earth have an ethical obligation to the environment concerning the earth, air, water, other organisms and the human population, both the present and the future generation. Environmental ethics brigs up a variety of issues concerning what, when, how and why we should consider this area of study. Aspects arising include the environment’s moral value, how sustainable are the policies on environmental protection, and how do these apply to the developing nations, and what policies should be put in place to ensure that the environment is safe guarded for the future generation, among others. Many philosophers through the years have studied this topic, but it only came to be recognized as an independent discipline in 1970, due to awareness of effects of increasing human knowledge on the environment. Growing economics and populations, new technologies and development of industries all have had various adverse effects on nature, although aimed at improving life. The works of Rachael Carson, Paul Ehrlich, Aldo Leopold, among others brought about ethical concerns about the environment. Under environmental ethics, human beings have a duty towards the environment, on protection and conservation as well as having a quality life for themselves. In this context, contentious issues arise as to why we should be concerned about the environment. Should it be for us, the living human beings, the future generation, or for the environment itself regardless of our own benefits? Different personalities offer different answers to this question; hence different views have come up on environmental ethics. The issues of environmental ethics is of growing concern to the government and other institution including United Nations which have come up with incentives to people to value and appreciate nature. Earth Day which is held annually (first held in 1970) continues to create awareness and sensitize people on the value of the environment and why it should be protected. The Moral Standing We cannot handle ethics without reference to moral philosophy, which is concerned with individual behaviors and conducts. The moral standing depends on what is considered ‘right’ or ‘good’ and ‘wrong’ or ‘bad’ by an individual or a society. For instance, different societies have different views on areas like land and animal ownership, rights of the future generation, and many more. Personal conduct with respect to environmental ethics defines how people should interact with nature, regarding its exploitation and conservation. The moral standing of the ethical issues on environment are wholly placed on human beings as they are the only living things who can reason and decide on moral issues. Many of the environmental concerns revolve around man and how these affect him, thus the responsibility of environmental ethics should be solely man’s. Responsibility to the environment implies that we are aware of this task, we are able to do it, we are at liberty to do it or not, and carrying out of the task has an effect to others existing in the environment. This means that we know the damage we can cause to the environment, the effects of this damage and the prevention or solutions to these problems. This gives us a moral significance in environmental ethics, and gives us a central role. The moral standing therefore means we have the moral obligation towards nature and the capability to carry out this responsibility. When we consider environmental ethics, then, look at issues such as: †¢ Should we care about nature for itself while it’s people who really â€Å"matter†? That is if not for human beings benefit; why else should we conserve the environment? And if depleting the natural resources is necessary for life improvement, why not exhaust it? †¢ Is the loss of biodiversity, destruction of scenic geographical features for human benefit such as in agriculture so harmful to man? Where is the need to conserve a species while it has no chance of survival in the near future due to changes in earth’s patterns? †¢ Is it right for a person to own land, it being a natural resource among others, or is it morally wrong? Is it fair that 5% of the human population use 30% of natural resources, while in other less countries the population suffers due to lack of the basic resources such as food and clean water? Do these resources exist for the benefit of a few or should they be left free for use by all? †¢ Is it possible for human beings to improve nature, seeing how man seems to have no control over nature when it comes to events such as natural calamities? †¢ Do recent developments in technology relieve us of our duty of protecting the environment? For instance, does biotechnology with potential to create new species, or bring back an extinct species, relieve us of the duty to conserve the biodiversity? Or alternative sources of fuel give us a right to deplete the natural fuel reserve? †¢ Should we let nature take its course as it always has or try and preserve it without assurance that this is of any benefit, or that this only hinders the course of nature? Is there any way that nature can take care of itself without our hand, like self renewal? The main issue surrounding environmental ethics today is the activist movements on environmental protection that focus people on the wrong issues, that is the moral standing is more emotional than factual or logical. The following are essential in discussing environmental ethics and policies. Western Religion and Culture It has been viewed by some philosophers that the Western religion has adversely affected the environment as it teaches that human beings have dominion over the earth and subdue it. Others view this as a command to take care of nature as we have been left in charge. The command given in the bible to the first man â€Å"be fruitful and fill the earth† (Genesis 1:28, Holy Bible KJV) raises the question of population control, is it ethical for the sake of the environment or is it a direct defiance of God’s command? To address this sensitive topic, religion should be understood in context. At the time of the command there was only one man on earth, so he was required to ‘fill’ it, but now the earth is already ‘filled’. Is it logical to still apply the very same principles now as they did then? The culture of a people defines how they relate to and use the environment. Many of the historic events that shape the western culture have had a huge impact on the environment. Events such as the industrial revolution, technological advances and the modern culture have affected the environment. Culture can easily adapt to changing environments, as well as cause permanent change to different environments. The environment is very wide and continuous, while the environment defines cultural practices. Therefore it is ethical to put environment before culture, and change current lifestyles towards more nature friendly practices. The future generation Most of the damage to the environment is more likely to affect the future human population. This therefore calls on the currently living humans to consider the rights of those who are not yet born. We might not know exactly what that generation will require but we are well aware of the basic needs of living beings; food shelter and basic health. Based on these we can have a model of what the environment should offer the future human beings. Therefore it is our moral obligation to them to utilize nature as much as we need to but ensure that we do not deny them the enjoyment of the same. Animals Other animals should be considered when addressing environmental ethics, since they are sentient beings, that is are capable of feeling. Although animals come after humans, they have rights and should be considered according to what they are interested in, such as feeding, living in their natural habitat, and allowed their existence. Controversy about animal rights arises in what animals exactly should we grant rights to. For instance, are insects or other smaller animals in this category? Is it right to use animals for laboratory research for medical and other studies to better our lives? The simple answer to this question is that unless it is extremely necessary, animals should not be put at risk or in adverse conditions. The harm to animals should be justified and be limited to a certain allowable level. Ecofeminism Women are seen to be closer and more in touch with nature; this is claimed by feminists concerned with the environment (Cochrane, 2007). This is because of their ability to give life, and the fact that the earth is considered female (Shiva, 1993). Thus this gives them a better understanding of nature and how to coexist in harmony. Val Plumwood, an ecofeminist believe, that feminism should go hand in hand with environmentalism as both women and the environment are under the same oppression. Another feminist argues that the problem is in trying to justify this kind of oppression thus allowing such subordination. When considering environmental ethics and policies, the domination over women and nature is a critical issue that requires attention. Economics and Ecology Economics and ecology usually appear as counter forces. Economy involves trying to allocate the limited resources while ecology looks out to protect these resources. The ever-growing human population has placed great pressure on nature and thus their distribution is highly competitive. Market forces have added more pressure to natural resources and their exploitation. Rapid growth of industries has contributed to environmental deterioration. The cost-benefit considers questions like; if nuclear power makes electricity cheaper, should this field be ventured? What is the cost of preserving a forest compared to the cost of exporting timber? These raise challenges when setting up policies on the environment because of the question of cost versus the benefit of environmental ethics. Technology Technology has had a huge impact on human life as well as on the environment. The effects of technology are both beneficial and adverse. The medical, agricultural, communication and energy industries rely heavily on technology to better human life. Technology has the power to destroy nature as well as replenish it. The technological advances that are most potentially harmful include nuclear technology that is able to annihilate nature and biotechnology, which has the potential to alter the natural species boundaries. Since all technologies come with potential risks along with their benefits, ethical consideration must be made with regards to the environment. Conclusion In studying environmental ethics, the first thing is to ask the question ‘what should be done about the current environmental situation and how should it be done? ’ The other consideration is the importance of individual natural resources and how much effort and cost we should dedicate to protecting such. This should be based on facts and not feelings, like and dislikes. It is important that policies be based on an integrated system that has in mind all the components of nature, as well as involvement of the government, institutions and other countries. The following should be noted when considering environmental ethics: †¢ The environment is not a resource just for us but for those we share it with (animals, plants and microorganisms) and for the future inhabitants of the planet. †¢ Nature is continuous with continuous flow of energy, but with rapid exhaustion, the environment is not able to renew itself. †¢ Some of the artificially made substances are capable of spreading all over the earth out of our control and nature has no way getting rid of them, for example nuclear waste, fluorocarbons, DDT, GMOs, etc. †¢ Our policies on environment affect the whole world since everything in nature spreads. We should be sensitive to the needs of other countries especially the less developed when considering environmental ethics It has to be demonstrated clearly that the policies we put in place concerning the environment have defined benefits for all concerned otherwise the area of environmental ethics will always be viewed with sharp critism. The benefits of conserving the environment should be clearly elucidated and put out for all interested stakeholders. Reference: Conchrane, A.Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Environmental ethics, (London School of economics and Political Science, 2007). Lotter, Don, A History of Western Culture’s relationship with Environment, (UC Davis Experimental College, 1990) Sutton, Eugene, An introduction to Cultural Ecology (Berg, 2004) Leefers, Castillo, Ecology and Society: Bridging the gap between Economics and Ecology, (Michigan State University, 1998) Beckman, Ted, Martin Heidegger: Environmental Ethics, (Claremont, 2002) Vandeveer, D and C Pierce, The environmental ethics and policy book: 3rd Edition. (Belmont, 1994)

Persuasive Essays Are Pointless

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Bushfires - Burning for the better

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School Police summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Major Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

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