Platos Dialogue Essay - 463 Words

Platos Dialogue Dialogue: to exchange and discuss ideas in a frank and open manner to reach a mutually agreed understanding. Dialogue on difficult issues is important to man. People can learn from others by exchanging ideas and expressing how a philosophy or a stand on an issue affects them. Comprehending the needs, feelings, problems and views of others can help create a better future for all. Can we in a society that proclaims the right to free speech participate in a free and open dialogue? Do we take the time to discuss important issues? Have we as a nation avoided talking about difficult issues? Platos Symposium illustrates the need for open and frank dialogue. Engaging in dialogue that allows each individual to express†¦show more content†¦The world today has a complex communication system. However, much of this communication is one way. Whether from the pulpit, television, radio or printed media it is just going in one direction and the exchange of ideas is stymied. Serious dialogue is not always a part of our everyday life. Distractions keep us from taking the time to share our thoughts with others. Television and other forms of mass media preoccupy our time. Fewer families are having meals together, each member of the family attending to their own busy life. We talk about important life issues only when they have a direct impact on our lives. Communication is essential to human existence. Humans are social beings dependent on each other for survival. Without dialogue we cannot fulfill our basic need to share our wants, needs, and fears. True dialogue in this nation has been hampered by partisan dogma and political correctness, which in turn, suppresses the frank and open exchange of ideas. Many people withhold their inner thoughts on many subjects because of the fear instilled by political correctness. People fear being judged for what they say. A single mistake in phrasing can cost a person his reputation, career or even possibly his life. Plato spent much time contemplating the world around him. He spent much of his lifetime teaching and taking part in dialogues. DogmaShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy- Platos Dialogue1542 Words   |  7 PagesPlato’s dialogue: The Gorgias, 482e-484e: The Speech of Callicles When I first began to read this passage I was a little confused at the message Callicles was sending to reader and to the philosophers of that time. As I continue to study philosophy I get the sense that most philosophers question the same thing for reason of being. The question of â€Å"why† and â€Å"what makes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the common theme with most things I’ve come across in this course. To read a passage that was written which portrays theRead MoreThe Ilusory Dialogue In Platos Gorgias1123 Words   |  5 PagesSummary Plato’s Gorgias presents an illusory dialogue that is inaugurated upon Socrates’ analysis of nature and the power Gorgias states are presented in his art, oratory. The first two opening lines of the dialogue forecast the nature of the text, for Callicles and Socrates allude to a Greek saying that is like the Shakespearian saying, â€Å"first at a feast, last at a fray†, when Socrates and his fellow peer, Chaerophon, arrive tardily to the presentation awarded by the famed orator of the time andRead MoreCan Virtue be Taught in Platos Dialogue797 Words   |  3 Pages Plato’s dialogue Meno begins with Meno asking Socrates whether virtue can be taught. Socrates responds by saying that he does not have an answer to such question because he does not even have knowledge of what virtue is. This claim prompts Meno to provide Socrates with a definition of virtue. He explains that there are different virtues for different people dependent on their gender, age, and s ocial class (Plato 872). Socrates, however, rejects this definition because it fails to provide a singleRead MorePlatos Five Dialogues Of The Mind, Body And Body1167 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects. Dualists believe the soul and body are joined together but are two separate entities. It is understood that the soul and body are different because they have different desires and tendencies. In Five Dialogues, specifically the book Phaedo, there are many arguments that are supported by Plato’s dualistic view. Plato explains that the soul is imprisoned in the body â€Å"because every pleasure and every pain provides a nail to rivet the soul to the body† , which hindered the soul in many ways . The bodyRead More Observations on the Writing Profession in The Republic by Plato1393 Words   |  6 PagesQuestioning of the Writing Profession Plato’s The Republic For all the time today’s students spend learning to write well, Plato is skeptical of those who spend their lives crafting words. In the tenth chapter of The Republic, Socrates condemns poets as imitators. In the dialogue that bears his name, Phaedrus wonders whether words in the constructed rhythms of speech or poetry will obscure Truth, the philosopher’s ultimate goal. Speech-writing is just the clever use of rhetorical deviceRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato s Lysis1244 Words   |  5 Pagesas Socrates does in Plato’s Lysis. In this philosophical dialogue, Socrates and his peers debate potential theories concerning the reasons why people become friends with one another. Several theories are developed, but throughout the dialogue Socrates counters his own arguments in order to achieve further understanding of his inquiry. As they deliberate the true nature of friendship, Plato’s writing parallels his teacher, Socrates’ style because it ends in perp lexity. Plato’s own ideas intermingleRead MoreImmanuel Kant : A Worthwhile Life In Platos Five Dialogues1632 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough Plato’s Five Dialogues, provides a method for examination, it is not very clear what is always right or wrong. Immanuel Kant through his work, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, expands on how to thoughtfully examine one’s decisions and decide if they have a moral foundation or not. Kant’s philosophy, while providing a more precise method of examination through his categorical imperative, requires some refining, as it falls short of Socrates’ initial method of Socratic dialogue by notRead MoreEssay about Plato’s Five Dialogues and Applications of Today’s Society 1185 Words   |  5 Pagesis not worth living† (Brisson 90). Works Cited Brisson, Luc. Plato the Myth Maker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Desjardins, Rosemary. Plato and the Good: Illuminating the Darkling Vision. New York: BRILL, 2004. Rhees, Rush. In Dialogue with the Greeks: Plato and dialectic. New York: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004. Read MoreWhat Is the Purpose of the ‘Speech of the Laws’, in Plato’s Crito? How Is It Related to Crito’s Political Opinions and Preferences as Expressed in This Dialogue?2389 Words   |  10 Pages‘speech of the laws’, in Plato’s Crito? How is it related to Crito’s political opinions and preferences as expressed in this dialogue? The ‘speech of the laws’ as witnessed in Plato’s Crito is of utmost importance to one of Plato’s shorter dialogues and serves multiple purposes, some of which will be engaged with here. The speech will be looked in terms of its methodological purpose and will question what functions this serves. Philosophically speaking the Crito remains a dialogue concerning justiceRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Oedipus And Plato 1636 Words   |  7 PagesOEDIPUS AND PLATO’S SOCRATES In Chapter Four of his book, Tragedy and Philosophy, Walter Kaufmann claims that Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex is one of the greatest tragedies ever written in part because it presents so vividly five characteristics of human life which make our existence so tragic. The purpose of this paper will be, first, to present Kaufmann’s view and, second, to apply these same characteristics to Plato’s dialogues in general and to the characters in Plato’s dialogues, particularly

Case Study The Satyam Scam - 799 Words

Aishwarya Gokhale The Satyam Scam Studies suggest that there are four basic factors that lead to fraud. First, is the opportunity to commit fraud, second, the incentive to commit fraud, third, the rationalization of the fraudulent act and fourth, the capability to commit the fraud. Satyam Computer Services Limited was a global consulting and IT services company, offering a wide range of solutions, from strategy consulting to implementing IT solutions for customers. Byrraju Ramalinga Raju was the chairman and the CEO of the company until January 2009, when he had to step down after admitting to misappropriation of financial figures of the company to the amount of INR 71.36 billion (approximately US$1.5 billion), including INR 50.40†¦show more content†¦The fraud was perpetrated by inflating the revenue of the company through false sales invoices and showing corresponding gains by forging the bank statements with the connivance of the Statutory and Internal Auditors of the company. Through investigation it was found that certain people came into the office only at nights to generate fake invoices. This used to happen only towards the end of the quarter or the month, the level of the organized fraud can be interpreted from this. An accrued interest of $77 .46 million was shown, which was nonexistent, an understated liability of $253.38 million on account of funds was arranged by Raju himself and an overstated debtors position of $100.94 million was presented. The annual financial statements of the company with inflated revenue were published for several years and this lead to higher price of the stock in the market. In the process, innocent investors were lured to invest in the company. Attempts were made to conceal the fraud by acquiring the companies of family members and friends, but the gap between the actual and inflated revenues kept growing since April 1999. PricewaterhouseCoopers affiliates served as independent auditors for Satyam. According to a report published by the S.E.C., the auditors had failed to independently confirm cash balances in bank accounts. They relied on the management to provide the cash balances instead ofShow MoreRelatedSatyam Fraud Case1505 Words   |  7 PagesViews on the Satyam fraud case: Before writing this report, I read some articles from The Economic Times, The Times of India, The Hindu and a blog by Shweta Rajpal. In this report, I have tried to figure out what the scam is all about, how it happened, why it was done and the aftermath, exploring corporate governance issues simultaneously. The ‘What’ of the scam: The Satyam scam has been as the Enron scam of India. So one can only imagine the magnitude of wrongdoing and deception. The downfallRead MoreAnalysis Of Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices Of Listed Companies1000 Words   |  4 Pagesstakeholders comprising of the shareholders, creditors, regulators and the public at large. But the implementation of Corporate Governance principles is not an easy task. It is a very wide subject and needs a lot of discussion. The purpose of this study is to analysis corporate governance disclosures practices of listed Companies. As a medium for communicating information, annual reports generally include two types of disclosures - mandatory and voluntary disclosures. In India, mandatory disclosuresRead MoreThe Structure Of Satyam s Corporate Governance2663 Words   |  11 Pagesmodern corporations. Conversely, for developing country like India, there was a massive accounting fraud in Satyam Computer Services Limited, also known as â€Å"India’s Enron† in 2009 that changed the situation on Indian market, thus the quality of governance has been the significant factor in order to raise money from the capital market. This report discovers how board of directors of Satyam practice their risk corporate governance role. There is relatively investigation into boards and, so far as theRead MoreChanging Scenario of Corporate Governance3984 Words   |  16 Pagesgovernance has been highlighted because of the scams occurring frequently since the emergence of the concept of liberalization from 1991 such as the Harshad Mehta Scam, Ketan Parikh Scam, UTI Scam, Vanishing Company Scam, Bhansali Scam and so on. In the Indian corporate scene, there is a need to induct global standards so that at least while the scope for scams may still exist, it can be at least reduced to the minimum. The present paper endeavours to study the constituents of good corporate governanceRead MoreOrganizational Fraud9733 Words   |  39 PagesORGANIZATIONAL FRAUD [pic] Submitted by: Amit Goel(amigoel@gmail.com) Mohit Goel Executive Summary For many organizations, â€Å"getting it right† or â€Å"getting it wrong† is a matter of survival. This study talks about the issues like, ‘organisational fraud’, ‘ethics’ ‘empowerment’ in an organisation and their relation to standards of good behaviour in order to explore various ways in which occurrences of ever increasing frauds can be checked. Organisational Fraud can be perpetrated by thoseRead MoreEffects and Implications of Coalition Governments on the Political Scnerio in India16277 Words   |  66 Pagesthe category of coalitions and study the effects that certain cabinet characteristics have on foreign policy. In particular, we examine the effects of coalition strength, the number of parties in the coalition, and the ideological placement of coalition parties. These characteristics stem from different institutional and political situations that coalitions face, but are also connected to long-standing psychological exp lanations of group decision making. Our study is a quantitative analysis usingRead MoreCorporate Governance in Malaysia2437 Words   |  10 Pageswere unauthorized (Norwani, Mohamad, amp; Chek, 2011). This shows the failure of corporate governance in Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd.. However, with fresh funds being injected by the government today, Perwaja is still in business (Netto, 2004). In other case, like the Malaysian Airlines System Bhd. (MAS) faced with internal management problems. Tan Sri Tajuddin Ramli, the largest shareholder in MAS who held both Chief Executive Officer plus with chairman position, entered into unprofitable business activitiesRead MoreMain Objectives of Financial Management2383 Words   |  10 PagesNational Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), US, Martin Feldstein, the then-chairman of NBER, asked me how could Indian capital market undergo so many fast-paced reforms (after the 2001 market scam), and was visibly surprised to hear that Sebi has been legislatively obligated to develop the market as well and eventually became the driver of development. Market and its constituents were persuaded, albeit compelled, to march along the route chartedRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 Pageschosen doctrinal method as method of research for th e present article and has used books, journals, research articles for preparation of the same. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the research work is To study the concept of white collar crime in detail. To study the impact of white collar crime from Indian perspectives. To study the impact of white collar crime on Indian economy and its its affect on development activities. Abstract White collar criminality has become a global phenomenonRead MoreRisk Management Task 1a4779 Words   |  20 Pagesand equipment. †¢ Prevention of crime- This outlines crimes disturbing small businesses and derives some simple steps to tackle it. †¢ Scams-Risk management discusses scams and how they could hamper your business. It also lists the methods that could help to avoid scams such as investigating the source of the scam, keeping and maintaining proceedings and filtering the scam. †¢ Shop Theft- Risk management discusses theft problems in a business and the areas to protect, such as adopting simple safety measures

Kahirapan Free Essays

string(92) " have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70-100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains\." Smoke From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Smoke (disambiguation). Smoke from a bee smoker, used inbeekeeping the smoke of burning tungsten in alightbulb Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases[l] emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by- product of fires (including stoves, candles, oil lamps, and fireplaces), but may also be used for pest control (fumigation), communication (smoke signals), defensive and ffensive capabilities in the military (smoke-screen), cooking (smoked salmon), or smoking (tobacco, cannabis, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Kahirapan or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Smoke is used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs. Smoke is also a component of internal combustion engine exhaust gas, particularly diesel exhaust. Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal damage, poisoning andpulmonary irritation caused y carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and other combustion products. Smoke particles are an aerosol (or mist) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light. This effect has been likened to three-dimensional textured privacy glass[citation needed] † a smoke cloud does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it. Contents [hide] 1 Chemical composition 1. 1 Visible and invisible particles of combustion 2 Dangers of smoke 2. 1 Smoke corrosion 3 Secondhand smoke inhalation 4 Measurement of smoke 5 Medicinal smoke 6 See also 7 References External links Chemical composition[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April 2011) The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burn at a high temperature and with small amount of smoke produced; the particles are mostly composed of ash, or with large temperature differences, of condensed aerosol of water. High temperature also leads to production of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur content yields sulfur dioxide, or in case of incomplete combustio n, hydrogen sulfide. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, many of them toxic. Partial oxidation of carbon produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen- containing materials can yield hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen gas can be produced instead of water. Content of halogens such as chlorine (e. g. in polyvinyl chloride or brominated flame retardants) may lead to production of e. g. hydrogen chloride, phosgene,dioxin, and chloromethane, bromomethane and other halocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride can e formed from fluorocarbons, whether fluoropolymers subjected to fire or halocarbon fire suppression agents. 2] Phosphorus and antimony oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some fire retardant additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity. Pyrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), e. g. from burning older transformer oil, and to lower degree also of other chlorine-containing materials, can produce a potent carcinogen, and other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e. g. teflon, in presence of oxygen yields c arbonyl fluoride (which hydrolyzes readily to HF and C02); ther compounds may be formed as well, e. g. arbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and highly toxic perfluoroisobutene Emission of soot from a large dieseltruck, without particle filters. Pyrolysis of burning material, especially incomplete combustion or smoldering without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and aromatic (benzene and its derivates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; e. g. benzo[a]pyrene, studied as a carcinogen, or retene), terpenes. Heterocyclic compounds may be also present. Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as tar; smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concentration above the upper flammability limit, and sudden inrush of air can cause flashover or backdraft. Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of e. g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and thiols; especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a ingering odor even long after the fire. Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds: aldehydes (e. g. formaldehyde, acrolein, and furfural), ketones, alcohols (often aromatic, e. g. phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, and cresols), carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, etc. ). The visible particulate matter in such smokes is most commonly composed of carbon (soot). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields e. g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or sodium chloride. Inorganic salts present on the surface of the soot particles may make themhydrophilic. Many organic compounds, typically the aromatic hydrocarbons, may be also adsorbed on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e. g. solid rocket fuels containing aluminium. Depleted uranium projectiles after impacting the target ignite, producing particles of uranium oxides. Magnetic particles, spherules of magnetite-like ferrous ferric oxide, are present in coal smoke; their increase in deposits after 1860 marks the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. ] (Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be also produced in the smoke from meteorites burning in the atmosphere. ) [5] Magnetic remanence, recorded in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earth’s magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their Curie temperature; this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. [6] Fly ash is composed mainly of silicaand calcium oxide. Cenospheres are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by abrasion can be present in engine smokes. Amorphous silica particles are present n smokes from burning silicones; small proportion of silicon nitride particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70-100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. You read "Kahirapan" in category "Papers" [3] Radioactive particles may be present due to traces of uranium, thorium, or other radionuclides in the fuel; hot particles can be present in case of fires during nuclear accidents (e. g. Chernobyl disaster) or nuclear war. Smoke particulates have three modes of particle size distribution: nuclei mode, with geometric mean radius between 2. 20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon moieties. accumulation mode, ranging between 75-250 nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particles coarse mode, with particles in micrometer range Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid dry precipitation, and the smoke damage in more di stant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles. [7] Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicator of materials in a preignition stage of a fire. 3] Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces water; this esults in smoke containing droplets of water vapor. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates†¦ ), such smoke is white and cloud-like. Smoke emissions may contain characteristic trace elements. Vanadium is present in emissions from oil fired power plants and refineries; oil plants also emit some nickel. Coal combustionproduces emissions containing aluminium, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, sel enium, and uranium. Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten vanadates. These attack the passivation layers on metals and ause high temperature corrosion, which is a concern especially for internal combustion engines. Molten sulfate and lead particulates also have such effect. Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source. Guaiacol and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of lignin and are characteristic of wood smoke; other markers aresyringol and derivates, and of forest fires. Levoglucosan is a pyrolysis product of cellulose. Hardwood vssoftwood smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols. Markers for vehicle exhaust include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and specific nitroarenes (e. . I-nitropyrene). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. [8] Many compounds can be associated with particulates; whether by being adsorbed on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles. [7] Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of asbestos. Deposited hot particles of radioactive fallout and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere y wildfires and forest fires; this is a concern in e. g. the Zone of alienationcontaining contaminants from the Chernobyl disaster. Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic side groups, e. g. in polystyrene, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer backbone produce less smoke, likely due to significant charring. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing. However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. phosphorus-based and halogen-based flame retardants decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of cross-linking between the polymer chains has such effect too. [9] Visible and invisible particles of combustion[edit] Smoke from a wildfire Depending on particle size, smoke can be visible or invisible to the naked eye. This is best illustrated when toasting bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The particles produced initially are invisible but become visible if the toast is burned or cooled rapidly. Smoke from a typical house fire contains hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage aused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the physical damage caused by the smoke of a fire – which manifests itself in the form of stains – is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in rebuilding/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke, fabric restoration companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire. Dangers of smoke[edit] Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the potential of being ignited – either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like backdraft and flashover. Smoke inhalation is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death. Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects ofhydrogen cyanide and phosgene. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride nd hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the influence of Drugs and/or alcohol Cigarette smoke is a major modifiable risk factor for lung disease, heart disease, and many cancers. Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in Sheremetyevo airport (Moscow, Russia) 7 August 2010. Smoke can obscure visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire in Worcester, Massachusetts was the exact reason why the trapped rescue firefighters couldn’t evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented. 10] Smoke corrosion[edit] Smoke contains a wide variety of chemicals, many of them aggressive in nature. Examples are hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, produced fromhalogen- containing plastics and fire retardants, hydrofluoric acid released y pyrolysis of fluorocarbon fire suppression agents, sulfuric acid from burning of sulfur-containing materials, nitric acid from high-temperature fires where nitrous oxide gets formed, phosphoric acid and antimonycompounds fro m P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others. Such corrosion is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially microelectronics, are strongly affected. Corrosion of circuit board traces, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration f parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke. Many smoke components are also electrically conductive; deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause crosstalks and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures. Electrical contacts can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of soot and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the erformance of optoelectronics by absorbing or scattering the light beams. Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (C’), defined as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m3). It is measured by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel. Polymers containing halogen and hydrogen (polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins with halogenated additives, etc. ) have the highest Cl as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e. polytetrafluoroethylene) have lower Cl as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, wood) have the lowest Cl. [7] However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products. [11] Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself. Cable fires are of special concern; low smoke zero halogen mat erials are any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it. The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose t a rapid rate. In some instances the chemicals are absorbed into the substance or structure that it comes into contact with, i. e. clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water piping, wood, etc. , which is why in most cases dealing with a structure fire they are replaced. Secondhand smoke inhalation[edit] Secondhand smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals. According to the Surgeon General’s latest report on the subject, â€Å"Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining f blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack† [12] The American Cancer Society lists â€Å"heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight† as ramifications of smoker’s emission [13] Measurement of smoke[edit] As early as the 1 5th Century Leonardo da Vinci commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between black smoke (carbonized particles) and white ‘smoke’ which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless ater droplets. Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways: In-line capture. A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked. Filter/dilution tunnel. A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the nternationally recognized method of measuring smoke from combustion. Electrostatic precipitation. The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates, or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the necessary method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i. . , from bituminous coal. [14] Ringelmann scale. A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor Maximilian Ringelmann in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke Judge d. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from O (white) to 5 (black) which has only a passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the simplicity of the Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries. Optical scattering. A light beam is passed through the smoke. A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 900, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light received which will be lower as the concentration of smoke particles becomes higher. Optical obscuration. A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector opposite light will be measured. Combined optical methods. There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the ‘nephelometer’ or the ‘aethalometer’ which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of ight, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke. Inference from carbon monoxide. Smoke is incompletely burned fuel, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in flue gas (a cheap, simple and very accurate procedure) will provide a good indication of the levels of smoke. Indeed, several Jurisdictions use CO measurement as the basis of smoke control. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. Medicinal smoke[edit] Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. A sculpture from Persepolis shows Darius the Great (522-486 SC), the king of Persia, with twocensers in front of him for burning Peganum harmala and/ or sandalwood Santalum album, which was believed to protect the king from evil and disease. More than 300 plant species in 5 continents are used in smoke form for different diseases. As a method of drug administration, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the absorption of its active chemical principles. 1 5] see alsocedit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoke. How to cite Kahirapan, Papers

Accounting Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

Question: Write about theAccountingfor Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Answer: Introduction Accounting is the route toward recording and looking at the changed budgetary trades of the business affiliation (DRURY, 2013). The calling of accounting is controlled by some specific course of action of fundamentals and measures. Each one of the accountants needs to take after these key accounting measures. In such way, APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants is a champion among the most fundamental game plan of models in accounting. This fragment communicates that each one of the accountants requires genuineness. It gathers that the accountants ought to be clear and genuine to their calling (Carey, 2015). Explanation Behind APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants APES 110 are one of the genuine codes of standard amid the time spent accounting. Accounting Professional and Ethical Standard Board, usually known as APESB, has issued the norms of APES 110. APESB is a self-sufficient accounting combination of Australia in the season of 2006. The rule some portion of APESB is to make issue diverse sorts of good rules amid the time spent accounting remembering the ultimate objective to save the interests of open. The headway of APES 110 is considered as one of the noteworthy exercises of APESB. In addition, the International Ethical Standard Board for Accountants, typically known as IESBA is moreover required in the change of APES 110. The essential inspiration driving this code is to make the accountants of Australia and others take after the diverse sorts of significant benchmarks of accounting (apesb.org.au, 2017). As indicated by APES 110, each one of the accountants must adjust to all the accounting norms and measures; else, they will be kept fr om doing an extensive variety of accounting works. It is ordinary that the accountants must guided by the rules of this code. In Australia, it is typical that each one of the accountants must consent to the essential gauges of APES 110 at the period of giving any kind of large organizations (cpaaustralia.com.au, 2017). The accountants outside Australia furthermore need to agree to the standards and control of APES 110, as indicated by the codes of APES 110. In any case, for this circumstance, they moreover need to agree to the area accounting principles and bearings. It is not the purpose behind APES 110 to debase the accountants from any kind of obligations that may not be constrained by the law or bearing. Amid the time spent reviewing, the principles of APES 110 have legitimate enforceability, as each one of the accountants must fit in with the measures of APES 110. Another genuine explanation behind APES 110 is to constrain the guidelines of reliability on the master accountants. It is communicated in APES 110; the accountants must not be connected with any sorts of control of accounting information of any business affiliation. There are events wherever all through the world where the accountants have been found required in different sorts of accounting problems. Therefore, one of the huge insp irations driving APES 110 is to wreck these sorts of accounting shock from this work. In case of any person from accounting is found to break the codes of APES 110, they will be pulled again from the accounting profession (CHRIST and BURRITT, 2016). Ethical Approach to the Problem The Laura Nash model of good fundamental initiative is one of the feasible models to settle on decisions in real essential conditions. In this model of fundamental administration, request are used to get to the perfect decision (ryerson.ca, 2017). This model will be a proper one in the given relevant investigation. As indicated by the given relevant investigation, the genuine effects of weak money related situation on the business operations of the affiliation are rejected in the inspiration for the meeting of 2009. Beside this, the required survey operation on the credit portfolio is in like manner rejected in the meeting inspiration. Regardless, the CEO of the company has give confirmation that there is no kind of fundamental issues as for the financial crisis and audit on propel portfolio that ought to be tended to in the meeting inspiration. This is not the circumstance as these are the critical issues. In addition, the person from audit committee is partner that some with the ca sh related figures have been controlled. In this mind boggling ethical issue, the survey part can take sensible decisions by using the request of Laura Nash show. In this condition, it is required to address these main problems before the organization and evaluator advisory group of the association. To begin with, the audit relates necessities to portray these main problems in from of everyone remembering the ultimate objective to make them aware of the negative effects of the issues (Cohen, 2013). For this circumstance, honest to goodness affirmations, data ought to be acquainted with everyone to exhibit the matter. The organization ought to be grasped that the review partner is doing this for the headway of the association. The desire of the review procedure behind this system of basic leadership is to save the relationship from the potential monetary dangers. This point ought to be differentiated and the issue comes to fruition. The typical eventual outcome of the present situation ought to be displayed to the organization to make them careful about the potential danger of the association. On the other hand, it ought to be appeared to the o rganization that this decision is not going to hurt anyone in the organization, as it is helpful for everyone (Tsalikis and Fritzsche, 2013). Additionally, the survey relate necessities to make the organization grasp that he is doing this free of his position in the affiliation and he has no self-required in this basic decision-making. As per the Laura Nash show, this is the ideal ethical way to deal with settle on decision making about the issues. Conclusion As per the above paper, it can be seen that viability is one of the primary contemplations in the accounting calling, as the accountants ought to be clear and direct. In such way, APES 110 article contains all the significant measures of accounting that each one of the accountants must come. Of course, it can moreover be seen that one can get to an authentic ethical decision with the help of the request of Laura Nash Model. Consequently, it can be contemplated that respectability and ethics are two of the genuine framework of accounting that each one of the accountants must consider. References An overview of APES 110 Code of Ethics. (2017).Cpaaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 18 April 2017, from https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/professional-resources/ethics/apes/overview APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2017).apesb.org.au. Retrieved 18 April 2017, from https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf Carey, P. J. (2015). External accountants business advice and SME performance.Pacific Accounting Review,27(2), 166-188. CHRIST, K., BURRITT, R. (2016). Professional accounting bodies: Scoping options for sustainability.RELEVANCE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN 2026. Cohen, S. (2013). Promoting ethical judgment in an organisational context.Journal of business ethics,117(3), 513-523. DRURY, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer. Laura Nash Ethics without the Sermon, Howard Business Review 59. (2017).ryerson.ca. Retrieved 18 April 2017, from https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/ethicsnetwork/downloads/model_B.pdf Tsalikis, J., Fritzsche, D. J. (2013). Business ethics: A literature review with a focus on marketing ethics. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 337-404). Springer Netherlands.